Treatment of Freiberg's disease using a reverse pedicled metatarsal bone flap: Case report.

Despite no surgical procedures receiving unanimous support for treating Freiberg's disease, several surgical treatment options have been described. For the past few years, bone flaps have been shown in children to present promising regenerative properties. We report a novel technique using a reverse pedicled metatarsal bone flap from the first metatarsal to treat one case of Freiberg's disease in a 13-year-old female. The patient presented 100% involvement of the second metatarsal head, with a 6 × 2 mm defect, unresponsive to 16 months of conservative measures. A 7 mm × 3 mm pedicled metatarsal bone flap (PMBF) was obtained from the lateral proximal first metatarsal metaphysis, mobilized and pedicled distally. It was inserted at the dorsum of the distal metaphysis of the second metacarpal towards the center of the metatarsal head, reaching the subchondral bone. Initial favorable clinical and radiological results were maintained for over 36 months during the last follow-up. Based on the powerful vasculogenic and osteogenic properties of bone flaps, this novel technique could effectively induce bone revascularization and prevent further collapse of the metatarsal's head.

Tumor location and type affect local recurrence and joint damage in tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a multi-center study.

Osteochondral destruction and a high recurrence rate after surgery are major concerns that make difficult the treatment course of tenosynovial giant cell tumor. The aims of this study were to elucidate rates of postoperative local recurrence and osteochondral destruction, as correlated with various demographic factors. Eighty surgically treated patients with intra-articular tumors (knee: 49, ankle and foot: 12, hip: 10, others: 9) were included in this study. Factors including age, disease type (diffuse/localized), location, existence of osteochondral destruction were correlated with local recurrence or development/progression of osteochondral destruction. The 5-year local recurrence free survival rate was 71.4%. Diffuse type (n = 59, localized: n = 21) (P = 0.023) and knee location (P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for local recurrence. Diffuse type (P = 0.009) was a significant risk factor, and knee location (P = 0.001) was a negative factor for osteochondral destruction at the initial examination. Progression of osteochondral destruction was observed more often in cases with local recurrence (P = 0.040) and findings of osteochondral destruction at the initial examination (P = 0.029). Diffuse type is a factor that should be noted for both local recurrence and osteochondral destruction, while local recurrence occurs but osteochondral destruction is less observed in the knee.

Operative treatments for osteochondral lesions of the talus in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: This systematic review aimed to identify the available evidence regarding the comparative effectiveness and safety of various operative treatments in adult patients with osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register of Controlled Trials were searched from their inception date to September 2019. Two reviewers selected the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs assessing the comparative effectiveness and safety of various operative treatments for OLT. The meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.3. RESULTS: Eight studies (1 RCT and 7 non-RCTs) with 375 patients were included in this review. The difference in the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score between the cartilage repair and replacement was not significant. The cartilage regeneration with or without cartilage repair had significant superiority in improving the AOFAS score compared with the cartilage repair. The difference in the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue score between the cartilage repair and replacement and between cartilage repair and cartilage repair plus regeneration was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Cartilage regeneration and cartilage repair plus regeneration had significant superiority in improving the ankle function and radiological evaluation of OLT, although the trials included did not have high-level evidence. Moreover, which treatment between the 2 was safer could not be addressed in this review as most of the trials did not report the safety outcome. Further studies are needed to define the best surgical option for treating OLT.

Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation with autologous bone grafting of osteochondral lesions of the talus in adolescents: patient-reported outcomes with a median follow-up of 6 years.

BACKGROUND: This study presents patient-reported outcome measures after combined matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation and autologous bone grafting in high-stage osteochondral lesions of the talus in adolescents. METHODS: A total of 12 adolescent patients (13 ankles) received matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation and autologous bone grafting for a solitary osteochondral lesion of the talus at a single centre. The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure were defined as outcome measures (median follow-up 80 months [range 22-107 months]). Pre- and postoperative ankle radiographs were evaluated according to the van Dijk ankle osteoarthritis scale. RESULTS: The study population consisted of four male and nine female cases (mean age at the time of surgery, 17.7 ± 2.1 years). Eight lesions were classified as traumatic and five as idiopathic. Twelve lesions were located medial vs one lateral in the coronal plane and all central in the sagittal plane. The median lesion size and depth were 1.3 cm2 (range 0.9-3.2 cm2) and 5 mm (range 5-9 mm), respectively. There were no perioperative complications in any of the cases. In 9 cases patient-reported outcome measures were available. The results of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score subscales were symptoms, 70 ± 14; pain, 83 ± 10; activities of daily living, 89 ± 12; sports/recreational activities, 66 ± 26; and quality of life, 51 ± 17. The mean overall Foot and Ankle Outcome Score was 78 ± 13. The results of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure subscales were activities of daily living, 81 ± 20; function/activities of daily living, 84 ± 13; sports, 65 ± 29; and function/sports, 73 ± 27. According to the function overall subscale of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure, in two cases, the patients assessed the ankle function as normal, in three as nearly normal, and in three as abnormal (missing data, n = 1). Preoperative van Dijk scale: stage 0 in five cases and stage I in eight cases; postoperative van Dijk scale: stage 0 in four cases, stage I in 9 cases CONCLUSIONS: Patient-reported outcome measures following matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation and autologous bone grafting for high-stage osteochondral lesions of the talus in adolescents show heterogeneous results. Long-term limitations mainly affect sports and recreational activities. Osteochondral lesions of the talus are associated with osteoarthritis, even preoperatively. However, we did not find significant osteoarthritis progression after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation and autologous bone grafting in the long term.

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Lateral Process of Talus Involving the Subtalar Joint: An Unusual Case.

Osteochondritis dissecans is a fairly recognized entity affecting the talus dome but subtalar joint involvement is not that common. We report a case of a 34-year-old male with osteochondritis dissecans of lateral process talus which was missed on imaging studies and identified intraoperatively. The patient was treated with curettage of the subchondral cyst at talus, followed by bone grafting and fixation of the osteochondral lesion with a 4-mm partially threaded cancellous screw. At the 1-year follow-up evaluation, there were no signs of recurrence and the patient resumed his complete activities including sports. We believe that the threshold for diagnosing these lesions should be low in cases with nonspecific chronic ankle pain, and surgeons are encouraged to consider this diagnosis.

Retrospective evaluation of outcomes of bone peg fixation for osteochondral lesion of the talus.

AIMS: The hypothesis of this study was that bone peg fixation in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus would show satisfactory clinical and radiological results, without complications. METHODS: Between September 2014 and July 2017, 25 patients with symptomatic osteochondritis of the talus and an osteochondral fragment, who were treated using bone peg fixation, were analyzed retrospectively. All were available for complete follow-up at a mean 22 of months (12 to 35). There were 15 males and ten females with a mean age of 19.6 years (11 to 34). The clinical results were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score preoperatively and at the final follow-up. The radiological results were evaluated using classification described by Hepple et al based on the MRI findings, the location of the lesion, the size of the osteochondral fragment, and the postoperative healing of the lesion. RESULTS: The mean VAS and AOFAS score improved significantly from 6.3 (4 to 8) and 70.6 (44 to 78) preoperatively to 1.6 (0 to 5) and 91.1 (77 to 100) at the final follow-up, respectively (p < 0.001). The classification on MRI was stage 2a in nine patients, stage 3 in 14, and stage 4 in two. The lesion was located on the posteromedial aspect of the dome of the talus in 19 patients, the anterolateral aspect in five, and the centrolateral aspect in one. The mean size of the fragment was 11.2 mm (5 to 20) horizontally, 10.4 mm (7 to 18) vertically, and 5.2 mm (3 to 10) deep, respectively. The postoperative healing state was good in 19 patients and fair in six. CONCLUSION: Bone peg fixation for osteochondral lesions of the talus showed satisfactory clinical and radiographic results, without complications. This technique could be a good form of treatment for patients with this condition who have an osteochondral fragment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1349-1353.

Metatarsal Head Restoration With Tendon Autograft in Freiberg's Disease: A Case Report.

Freiberg's disease is a form of osteochondrosis of a metatarsal head that often affects the second metatarsophalangeal joint, and that affects females more often than males. Repetitive microtrauma, osteonecrosis, and stress overload are the main factors in its pathophysiology. Surgical intervention is indicated in advanced cases wherein nonoperative treatment has failed. In this report, we describe the case of a young female who had Freiberg's disease localized to the third metatarsal head bilaterally and who was successfully treated with peroneus longus tendon transplantation.

Interpositional Arthroplasty With Extensor Digitorum Brevis Tendon in Freiberg Disease.

BACKGROUND: No consensus has been reached in the treatment of Frieberg disease. Our aim was to evaluate medium- to long-term results of patients with advanced Freiberg disease managed with extensor digitorum brevis tendon interpositional arthroplasty. METHODS: There were 24 patients (19 females, 5 males) managed with interpositional arthroplasty for advanced Freiberg disease between 2003 and 2015. The mean follow-up was 133.8 (range, 60-198) months. According to Smillie classification, there were 4 grade 3, 13 grade 4, and 7 grade 5 patients. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at the final follow-up with the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion and postoperatively with visual analog scale (VAS) and subjective satisfaction evaluation. Joint space was evaluated on x-rays. RESULTS: Mean AOFAS score increased (53.9 to 80.3, P = .001). Eight patients had excellent, 14 had good, and 2 had fair scores. A significant increase was found in dorsiflexion (38.1° [24°-52°] vs 55.3° [34°-65°]; P = .001) and plantarflexion (19.0° [10°-28°] vs 28.6° [19°-39°]; P = .001). Narrowing of the joint space was not seen in any patient, but expansion was determined in all patients (0.39 [0.35-0.47] vs 0.44 [0.41-0.47] cm; P = .002). Of the patients, 9 were very satisfied, 12 were satisfied, 2 were moderately satisfied, and 1 was dissatisfied. The mean postoperative VAS pain score was 1.7 ± 0.9 (0-4). CONCLUSION: After a minimum 5-year follow-up, most patients with Freiberg disease managed with interpositional arthroplasty using the extensor digitorum brevis tendon had excellent to good functional results with a widening of the joint space. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Outcomes of Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Implant of the Lesser Metatarsals.

BACKGROUND: Lesser toe metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint pathology presents a challenge for surgical treatment. At our institution, arthroplasty using a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel implant has been utilized in the second and third MTP joints for advanced arthritis, failed management of Freiberg's infraction, and osteochondral defects. We present a case series describing the clinical outcomes of 13 patients following PVA implantation of the second or third MTP. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 13 patients (14 joints) who underwent PVA hydrogel implantation of the second (n = 12) or third (n = 2) metatarsal between 2017 and 2019. The average age was 49 (range, 20-67) years, with 100% females. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores were collected preoperatively and at an average of 21.1 (range, 8.3-29.2) months postoperatively. Clinical outcomes were also evaluated. The average time to clinical follow-up was 24.7 (range, 7-35.8) months. RESULTS: On average, patients demonstrated pre- to postoperative improvement in all PROMIS domains, with significant improvements in Pain Intensity (P = .01) and Pain Interference (P = .01). Five postoperative complications were observed: 1 case of persistent avascular necrosis, 1 revision with implant removal and bone grafting, 1 periprosthetic fracture, and 2 recurrences of pain requiring ultrasound-guided injection. CONCLUSION: This study represents the largest case series to date evaluating the use of PVA implant in the surgical correction of lesser toe MTP joint pathology. While the PVA implant presents a viable option in the setting of advanced arthritis, Freiberg's infraction, and certain osteochondral defects, it is not without complications. The specific indications for use of the PVA implant should be carefully considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

Osteochondral Lesions of the Talar Dome.

Osteochondral lesion of the talar dome (OCLT) can be a devastating injury that affects mobility. Etiology of these lesions is debated but trauma seems the most supported etiology. Diagnosis of lesions is based on imaging. Conservative management, including weight-bearing restrictions, physical therapy, and supportive measures, often is first-line treatment. Nonsurgical modalities have mixed results and surgical measures often are necessitated for symptom relief. Surgical treatments vary in invasiveness and often are dictated by OCLT size. Studies show patient satisfaction increases substantially after having these procedures performed after failing nonsurgical measures. Results are encouraging, although thorough work-up and discussion should be undertaken.

Patellar sleeve avulsion fracture in a patient with Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Patellar sleeve avulsion (PSA) fractures are rare injuries that occur in in skeletally immature patients. Initial diagnosis is key to a successful outcome, as these injuries are easily overlooked on plain radiographs with poor results well documented from delayed management. High index of suspicion from the mechanism of injury, thorough clinical examination and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) help to avoid misdiagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: The case of a 12-year-old male athlete with an acute PSA after a conservative treatment of a SLJ syndrome is described. The patient was referred to our clinic due to severe pain and loss of function after performing a high jump. Plain radiographs (X-ray) and MRI confirmed an inferior pole PSA which was fixed with double trans osseous ultra-high strength tapes. At the 3-month follow- up visit the patient was able to ambulate brace free. At 2-years follow up the patient was able to play soccer and ice hockey. To our knowledge, there are no case reports of inferior pole PSA with prior SLJ syndrome described in literature. CONCLUSIONS: Early clinical suspicion and distinguishing this PSA from other enchondral ossification disorders around the knee is critical to avoid misdiagnosis. Whether SLJ syndrome increases the risk of sustaining a PSA is still not clear. Trans osseous fixation with suture tapes leads to good functional results in a young athlete with inferior pole PSA.

A comparison between arthroscopic and open surgery for treatment outcomes of chronic lateral ankle instability accompanied by osteochondral lesions of the talus.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of the arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesion of talus (OLT) and lateral ankle instability. It was hypothesized that the outcome of all-arthroscopic surgery was no worse than that of the combined open and arthroscopic surgery for treating chronic lateral ankle instability accompanied by OLT. METHODS: The patients diagnosed of chronic lateral ankle instability accompanied by OLT, who were surgically treated between May 2015 and May2017, were targeted for inclusion. Specifically, patients who received the arthroscopic treatment of OLT and lateral ankle instability were enrolled in the all-arthroscopic group, while patients who received the arthroscopic treatment of OLT and open lateral ankle stabilization were enrolled in the combined open and arthroscopic group. All the patients were followed up in terms of the Karlsson Ankle Functional Score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, Tegner activity score, and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. Meanwhile, the satisfaction and complication rates were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: This retrospective study included a total of 67 patients, including 32 patients in the all-arthroscopic group and 35 patients in the combined group. At a minimum of 24-month follow-up, the functional outcomes were significantly improved in both groups in relation to the preoperative condition. However, the two groups did not differ significantly from each other in terms of the Karlsson score (83.1 ± 8.2 vs 81.7 ± 9.1; P = 0.89), the VAS score (1.8 ± 1.6 vs 2.1 ± 1.7; P = 0.73), the Tegner score (5.5 ± 2.3 vs 5.0 ± 2.1; P = 0.72), and the AOFAS score (87.7 ± 7.6 vs 86.9 ± 7.3; P = 0.77). In addition, the satisfaction and complication rates exhibited no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In comparison with the open lateral ankle stabilization and arthroscopic treatment of OLT, the all-arthroscopic procedure showed no difference in clinical outcomes at a minimum of 24-month follow-up. Despite the benefits of minimally invasive arthroscopic procedure combined with a relatively aggressive postoperative rehabilitation protocol, the clinical outcomes for patients with chronic lateral ankle instability accompanied by OLT did not yield significant improvement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The present study was carried out with the approval issued by the Institutional Review Board of Xiangya Hospital (no. 202002010).

Comparison of Osteochondral Autologous Transplantation and Dorsiflexion Closing Wedge Metatarsal Osteotomy for Late-Stage Freiberg Disease in Adults.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the clinical results between osteochondral autologous transplantation (OAT) and dorsiflexion closing wedge metatarsal osteotomy (DCWMO) in symptomatic adult patients with late-stage Freiberg disease. METHODS: Between 2012 and 2017, patients with late-stage Freiberg disease surgically treated with OAT (12 patients) or DCWMO (15 patients) were retrospectively identified. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society-lesser metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal (AOFAS-LMI) score, visual analog scale score for subjective pain, and range of motion (ROM) were determined preoperatively and at final follow-up. Postoperative complications were also recorded. RESULTS: The AOFAS-LMI score at final follow-up was significantly greater in the OAT group than in the DCWMO group (95.7 vs 87.9, P < .001), whereas plantarflexion at final follow-up was significantly lower in the DCWMO group than in the OAT group (30.0 vs 24.0 degrees, P = .037). The DCWMO group reported more postoperative complications including postoperative joint stiffness, deformity, and pain recurrence. In the OAT group, one patient complained of mild knee pain. CONCLUSION: OAT seemed a better procedure for late-stage Freiberg disease compared with DCWMO in adult patients in terms of postoperative functional score and ROM, with lower complication rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Freiberg's Infraction: Surgical Options.

Freiberg's infraction is an uncommon condition of the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints. Onset is usually between the 11th and 17th year of age. It is the only osteochondrosis that dominantly affects females with a reported female-to-male ratio of 5.1. The second metatarsal is most frequently involved (68%) followed by the third metatarsal (27%), and the fourth (3%). Surgical treatment options can be categorized in joint destructive and joint preserving procedures. Studies reveal complete resolution of pain and full return to activities in 70% after joint destructive procedure and more than 90% after joint preserving procedures.

Osteochondral Autologous Transplantation Versus Dorsal Closing Wedge Metatarsal Osteotomy for the Treatment of Freiberg Infraction in Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Study With 3-Year Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Dorsiflexion closing wedge metatarsal osteotomy (DCWMO) has been considered the traditional treatment of Freiberg disease. Several case reports presented osteochondral autologous transplantation (OAT) as an alternative treatment. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose was to compare the results of DCWMO versus OAT for the treatment of Freiberg infraction in an athletic population. It was hypothesized that OAT was superior to DCWMO regarding functional outcomes, pain, and the time that the athletes returned to training and to previous sport level. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2013, 27 consecutive patients with Freiberg disease were randomly assigned to either the DCWMO group (14 patients) or the OAT group (13 patients). The primary outcomes collected were as follows: postoperative complications, range of motion of the metatarsophalangeal joint, length of the metatarsal, function of the foot (measured with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society-lesser metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal [AOFAS-LMI] score), and pain (assessed with the visual analog scale-foot and ankle score). RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 46 months (range, 36-60 months). The mean ± SD AOFAS-LMI score in the DCWMO group was 63.4 ± 14.4 preoperatively, 81.8 ± 6.6 at 1 year postoperatively, and 84.4 ± 5.6 at 3 years postoperatively, while in the OAT group, it was 62.8 ± 14, 89.9 ± 7.1, and 92 ± 6.9, respectively (P < .001). The differences in the AOFAS-LMI scores favoring the OAT group at 1 and 3 years reached statistical but not clinical significance. The mean visual analog scale-foot and ankle score was improved significantly from 48.1 ± 11.5 to 91.8 ± 9.5 in the DCWMO group and from 49.9 ± 10.9 to 95.4 ± 4.4 in the OAT group. There was a shortening of the metatarsals by a mean 1.9 ± 0.5 mm in the DCWMO group, as opposed to a metatarsal lengthening of 0.2 ± 0.1 mm in the OAT group. In the OAT group, patients were able to start training at 6 ± 1 weeks (P < .001) and return to full sport action at 10 ± 2.5 weeks (P < .05), while in the DCWMO group, the time was 8 ± 1.5 and 13 ± 2.5 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSION: The authors concluded that OAT is equal to DCWMO. Acceptable clinical results were reported, as well as very low morbidity and early return to sport activities. That makes the OAT procedure a safe, effective, and optimal treatment for an athletic population experiencing Freiberg infraction.

Mosaicplasty Technique in the Treatment of Isolated Knee Femoral Condyle Osteochondral Lesions - a Retrospective Study / Técnica de mosaicoplastia no tratamento de lesões osteocondrais isoladas do côndilo femoral do joelho - estudo retrospectivo

Abstract Objective Focal osteochondral lesions of the knee are found in two thirds of patients undergoing arthroscopy; their treatment, when isolated and especially in young individuals, remains a debating topic. The present study analyzes the results obtained by the application of the mosaicplasty technique on the treatment of isolated knee femoral condyle osteochondral lesions. Methods Retrospective study of patients submitted tomosaicplasty and to subjective analyseswith pre- and postsurgery International KneeDocumentation Committee (IKDC) scores. Results A total of 13 cases with an average age of 34 years old, with male patients (n = 4; 31%) with an average age of 23 years old (range: 17-31 years old), and female patients (n = 9; 69%) with an average age of 39 years old (range: 16-56 years old); medial versus lateral femoral (n = 11; 85% versus n = 2; 15%); the average size of the lesion was 1.8 cm2 (range: 0.6-4 cm2); average follow-up time: 5.045 ± 3.47 years (range: 1.15-11.01 years). The average preoperative IKDC score was of 31.63 points (± 20.24), the average postoperative IKDC score was of 74.18 points (± 20.26). The difference between the post- and preoperative IKDC scores was of 42.55 (± 21.05) points, being theminimal score increase of 8.1 points andthemaximumscore increaseof82.8 points.Astatistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between the IKDC scores before and after the surgery. A statistically significant relation (p = 0.038) was found between the IKDC score increase (the difference between the postoperative and the preoperative scores) and the dimension of the lesion. Conclusions Mosaicplasty with osteochondral autograft transfer, when adequately used, can produce excellent results with great durability and functional impact, low morbidity rates and costs. Expansion of the indication criteria shows promising midterm and long-term results.

Resumo Objetivo Lesões osteocondrais focais do joelho são encontradas em dois terços dos pacientes submetidos a artroscopia; seu tratamento, quando isoladas e, principalmente, em indivíduos jovens, ainda é debatido. O presente estudo analisa os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da técnica de mosaicoplastia no tratamento de lesões osteocondrais isoladas do côndilo femoral do joelho. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos à mosaicoplastia e análise subjetiva com pontuações do International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC, na sigla em inglês) antes e após a cirurgia. Resultados Um total de 13 casos, com média de idade de 34 anos; pacientes do sexo masculino (n = 4; 31%) apresentaram média de idade de 23 anos (17-31 anos), e pacientes do sexo feminino (n = 9; 69%) apresentaram média de 39 anos; (16-56 anos); femoral medial ou lateral (n = 11, 85% versus n = 2, 15%, respectivamente); o tamanho médio da lesão foi de 1,8 cm2 (0,6-4 cm); o tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 5,045 ± 3,47 anos (1,15-11,01 anos). A pontuação IKDC média préoperatória foi 31,63 pontos ( ± 20,24), e a pós-operatória foi 74,18 pontos ( ± 20,26). A diferença entre as pontuações IKDC obtidas depois e antes da cirurgia foi de 42,55 ( ± 21,05) pontos, com o aumento mínimo de 8,1 pontos e o aumento máximo de 82,8 pontos. Uma diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,001) foi encontrada entre a pontuação IKDC antes e após a cirurgia. Uma relação estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,038) foi observada entre o aumento da pontuação IKDC (a diferença entre a pontuação pré- e pós-operatória) e as dimensões da lesão. Conclusões A mosaicoplastia com transferência de autoenxerto osteocondral, quando adequadamente usada, pode produzir resultados excelentes com grande durabilidade e impacto funcional, baixas taxas de morbidade e baixos custos. A expansão dos critérios de indicação mostra resultados promissores no médio e longo prazo.

Functional Outcomes of Local Pedicle Graft Interpositional Arthroplasty in Adults With Severe Freiberg's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Conservative treatment or debridement is generally sufficient for Freiberg's disease grades I and II but operative intervention for the late stages of the disease process (III-V) is more challenging. Debridement alone is not sufficient and various forms of arthroplasty have been put forward. We have evaluated the outcomes of patients treated with an interpositional arthroplasty technique using a pedicle graft of periosteum and fat made into a "Rollmop" spacer for severe Freiberg's disease. No results have previously been reported for this technique. METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive cases (23 patients) were performed from February 2009 to September 2016 (20 females, 5 males). Mean age at surgery was 52.6 years (range 19-70.5 years) with 92% affecting the second metatarsal. Twenty-three were primary cases and 2 were revision cases. Five cases were stage III, 12 were stage IV, and 8 were stage V. All patients underwent interpositional arthroplasty using a periosteum and fat pedicle graft from the affected metatarsal shaft as described by Myerson. Patients were evaluated using Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Questionnaire (AOFAS). Mean follow-up was 3.5 years (0.6-7.6 years). Paired 2-tailed Student t tests were used to assess clinical significance. RESULTS: Surgery allowed 8 patients to return to normal footwear, 10 patients returned to fashion footwear/heels, and 5 returned to sports. Nineteen cases (17 patients) were assessed with patient-reported outcome measures and all showed a clinically and statistically significant improvement in their scores. Mean pre- and postoperative VAS pain scores were 6.2 (range 4-9) and 1.8 (range 0-6) ( P < .05). Mean perioperative AOFAS scores were 45.6 (range 15-73) and 82.7 (range 57-100) ( P < .05). Mean perioperative MOXFQ scores were 60.0 (range 23-89) and 18.1 (range 0-80) ( P < .05). CONCLUSION: This novel interpositional arthroplasty technique using a "rollmop" of periosteum and fat for severe Freiberg's disease produced significant improvements in pain, functional outcome, and patient satisfaction without donor site morbidity. Furthermore, it allowed patients to return to desired footwear and sporting activities. The functional outcome and joint range of motion was superior after a K-wire was no longer placed across the joint, and we believe it is essential to avoid this to permit early range-of-motion exercises. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Treatment of large deep osteochondritis lesions of the knee by autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC): Preliminary results in 13 patients.

BACKGROUND: Osteochondral defects due to advanced osteochondritis of the knee eventually cause osteoarthritis. Autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) may hold potential for overcoming the treatment challenges raised by defects larger than 2cm2. The primary objective of this study was to assess medium-term functional outcomes of AMIC. The secondary objective was to confirm the absence of adverse events. HYPOTHESIS: AMIC significantly improves knee function in patients with osteochondritis responsible for osteochondral defects grade III or IV in the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) classification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 13 consecutive patients managed using AMIC between September 2011 and November 2016 were included in a prospective, single-centre, single-surgeon study. There were 8 males and 5 females with a mean age of 29 years (range, 15-51 years). Among them, 9 had had previous surgery. The ICRS grade was IV in 12 patients and III in 1 patient. The defects had a mean surface area of 3.7cm2 (range, 2.2-6.9cm2) and mean depth of 0.5mm (range, 0.4-0.8). In each patient, knee function was assessed by an independent examiner based on validated instruments (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [KOOS], subjective International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] score, and visual analogue scale [VAS] pain score). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 12-42 months; minimum, 1 year), 11 patients had significant improvements, with mean increases in the IKDC score and KOOS of 27 and 28 points, respectively. The scores remained stable after the first year. Of the 2 patients with poorer outcomes, 1 had a history of multiple surgical procedures and the other was a 51-year-old female with a defect surface area of 6.9cm2. No post-operative complications were recorded. CONCLUSION: AMIC is a reliable single-stage method that is both reproducible and widely available. AMIC significantly improves knee function scores in patients with large osteochondral defects due to advanced osteochondritis of the knee. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, prospective cohort study.

[Gauthier's osteotomy and fixation using osteosuture in the treatment of Freiberg's disease]. / Ostéotomie de Gauthier et fixation par ostéo-sutures dans le traitement de la maladie de Freiberg.

Freiberg's disease is an osteochondrosis of the metatarsal heads mainly affecting the second metatarsal head. This study was conducted over a 3 year period. It reports 6 cases of patients, whose average age was 19.8 years, who had undergone Gauthier's dorsal subtraction osteotomy with fixation using osteosutures. The outcome of this technique was satisfactory. Indeed, the majority of patients had no pain and recovered normal daily activity. This study highlights that fixation using osteosutures is a reliable and inexpensive method.

Trasplante osteocondral autólogo para tratar lesiones osteocondrales de la rodilla: evaluación de 62 pacientes con un seguimiento promedio de ocho años / Osteochondral autograft transplantation for the treatment of osteochondral injuries of the knee: evaluation of 62 patients with an average follow-up of 8 years

Introducción: El trasplante osteocondral autólogo es una alternativa quirúrgica en lesiones focales del cartílago articular. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar una serie de 62 pacientes tratados con trasplante osteocondral autólogo de rodilla y un seguimiento promedio de ocho años. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó retrospectivamente a 62 pacientes operados entre 2001 y 2014. Se incluyeron pacientes con lesión focal de cartílago sometidos a un trasplante osteocondral autólogo aislado o asociado a otros procedimientos quirúrgicos, con un seguimiento mínimo de dos años. Para las evaluaciones se emplearon las escalas de Lysholm y de Kellgren-Lawrence, y el puntaje IKDC. Se evaluó a 45 hombres y 17 mujeres (edad promedio 36 años). La localización de las lesiones era: cóndilo interno (35), cóndilo externo (12), rótula (12) y combinadas (3). A 42 pacientes se los sometió a un trasplante osteocondral autólogo aislado y a 20, a uno asociado a otro procedimiento. Resultados: El valor promedio en la escala de Lysholm al momento de la evaluación fue 80,1 y el IKDC fue de 66,7. No hubo diferencias significativas en las escalas de Lysholm e IKDC entre los grupos con trasplante osteocondral autólogo aislado y asociado a otro procedimiento. En 30 pacientes evaluados con radiografía, se observó una inclusión satisfactoria del taco óseo. En nuestra serie de pacientes, las evaluaciones clínicas mostraron resultados satisfactorios. Conclusión: El trasplante osteocondral autólogo para tratar lesiones osteocondrales es un procedimiento con un alto grado de satisfacción y buenos resultados funcionales en pacientes con lesiones focales del cartílago articular. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Osteochondral autograft transplantation is a surgical alternative for osteochondral defects of the knee. The aim of this study was to analyze a series of 62 patients treated with osteochondral autograft transplantation of the knee and an average follow-up of 8 years. Methods: A total of 62 patients treated with osteochondral autograft transplantation between 2001 and 2014 were evaluated. Patients with focal osteochondral lesions who underwent osteochondral autograft transplantation alone or associated with another procedure and a minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. Lysholm score, IKDC, and Kellgren- Lawrence radiographic scale were used. Forty-five men and 17 women (average age 36 years) were evaluated. Lesions were localized in medial condyle (35), lateral condyle (12), patella (12), and three were combined. Forty-two patients underwent isolated osteochondral autograft transplantation while 20 patients underwent associated surgical procedures. Results: Mean Lysholm score was 80.1 and IKDC score was 66.7. There were no significant differences in the Lysholm and IKDC scores between groups. Radiographic results demonstrated complete graft incorporation in 30 patients. Clinical evaluation revealed satisfactory results. Conclusion: Osteochondral autograft transplantation to treat osteochondral lesions is a procedure with a high clinical satisfaction and good functional results in patients with focal osteochondral lesions. Level of Evidence: IV